Researchers at the Moscow Aviation Institute (MAI) are developing a comprehensive scientific methodology to address a major challenge in long-distance spaceflight: the loss of bone density and muscle atrophy that afflict astronauts.
The institute’s media office reported that researchers believe that artificial gravity represents a promising solution to mitigate the negative effects of zero gravity on the human body, especially during long space missions that may take between 6 and 9 months to reach Mars.
Researcher Nikita Nikolai Pedrazzini said: “Based on the analysis of scientific publications, data from medical experiments on board the International Space Station, and models of Earth’s zero gravity, we have identified three categories of methods according to their expected effectiveness. The most effective methods include generating artificial gravity, whether by completely rotating the spacecraft or using a short centrifuge, as this method accurately simulates Earth conditions. The first experimental module equipped with this artificial gravity is scheduled to be installed on the new Russian orbital space station.”
A source at the institute explained that the main problem with zero gravity lies in the relaxation of the muscles and the absence of any pressure on the bones due to weight loss. The body takes this as a signal that significant skeletal strength is not needed, and begins to pull calcium from the bones, causing them to weaken and increase the risk of fractures, especially in the areas of the hips, spine, and legs. Research indicates that an astronaut may lose between 1 and 2% of his bone mass per month, which means that during a trip to Mars he may lose more than 10% of his bone mass.
There are currently several methods in use around the world to overcome this problem, ranging from ISS simulators and drugs, to special suits and genetic engineering experiments, but they are used separately. Therefore, the MAI team led by Dr. Lyudmila Mitiko brought together vast global expertise into a single system, and developed a hierarchy of solutions based on their effectiveness. The study provides a clear answer about which measures should be allocated resources first to prepare an expedition to other planets, and which are merely “cosmetic” solutions.
The researchers indicated that the combination of physical exercises on various sports equipment and modern medications that slow bone loss showed moderate effectiveness. As for special diets, protective suits, and methods that are still under research, they classified them as low-effective methods. (Russia Today)
