In its expansion, Beijing relied on four main paths: increasing exports, purchasing quotas, joint projects, and building factories within the European Union and its neighboring countries such as Türkiye, Morocco, and Serbia.
Although the European Union imposed customs duties of up to 35.3% on Chinese electric cars, Beijing companies succeeded in absorbing these duties and expanding through hybrid cars that are not subject to restrictions. Chinese foreign exports jumped by 88% last July, and the share of its electric cars rose to 14.2% in Western European markets, which doubled the pressure on European giants, as Volkswagen announced its intention to eliminate 100,000 jobs to face rising costs and intense competition.
